פרי ראש השנה יום הכיפורים, והוא תכלית הכול

“פרי הימים לילות, פרי השבוע שבת…”

א.

לפני כמה שנים כתבתי ב”הצפה” על אימרה שהייתה מהלכת בין גדולי האומה על ערכיו ודרך חייו של אדם מישראל: “תכלית הימים הלילות, תכלית הלילות שבתות, תכלית שבתות ראש חודש, תכלית ראש חודש המועדים, תכלית המועדים ראש השנה, תכלית ראש השנה יום כיפור, תכלית יום כיפור תשובה, תכלית תשובה עולם הבא”.

האימרה מובאת בספר הדרושים “נהר פישון” לרבי יצחק אבוהב, “הגאון האחרון של קסטיליה”, שנפטר בפורטוגל זמן קצר אחרי גירוש ספרד. הספר הובא לדפוס על ידי בנו רבי יעקב בקושטא בשנת רצ”ח. האימרה מופיעה בדרוש על מדרש תהילים ונאמר שם כי היא נמצאת במסכת יומא. ברם אין זכר לה בגמרות שלנו.

רבי אברהם ב”ר שבתי הלוי, אביו של רבי ישעיה הורוויץ, בעל השל”ה, מקדיש בספרו “ברית אברהם” פרק שלם, המשתרע על כמה עמודים, לפירוש אימרה זו, שלפי דבריו היא מדרש. דומה עלי כי גם איננה במדרשים שבידינו.

הננו להביא בקיצור את פירושו של בעל “ברית אברהם”:

תכלית האדם לימוד התורה. טרוד הוא במשך היום בצרכיו, ואינו יכול להתפנות כראוי. הלילות שלו הם ללמוד וללמד. תכלית הימים הלילות! בשבת בידו להתמסר ללימוד ביתר שאת. המועדים מסוגלים עוד יותר לעיסוק בתורה. נקהלים לשמוע דרשת הדרשן בענייני היום. “הוזקק לומר בתחילה תכלית ראש חודש, לפי שאנו מונים המועדים ממולד הלבנה”.

גדול הלימוד המביא לידי יראת שמים ומעשי המצוות. בראש השנה עומד האדם למשפט ולבו מתמלא פחד מאימת הדין. זהו: תכלית (ימי) הלימוד ראש השנה. כלומר לפחד מפני אדון הכול!

תכלית ראש השנה יום כיפור. הוא יום סליחה וכפרה, שבלעדיהן לא יזכה האדם בדין. תכלית יום כיפור תשובה, באשר רק עם התשובה “נזכה ונחיה ונירש חיי עולם הבא” שהם “התכלית האחרון אשר בכל התכליות”.

רבי אליהו הכהן, בעל “שבט מוסר”, מביא בחיבורו האימרה הנ”ל על פי הספר “בית אברהם”. הוא אומר עליה כי היא באה “להליץ בעד כל אשר ישראל יכונה, שכל ימי חייו מוציא זמנו לחשוב בהקב”ה” ומצרף לה פירוש משלו. פירושו דומה לזה של בעל “בית אברהם”, אך אינו דומה לו בכל.

הרי פירושו בקיצור:

בהיות האדם כל היום טרוד במזונותיו, מצפה הוא לתכלית הימים – שהם הלילות – שהוא פנוי מעסקיו כדי ללמוד וללמד. תכלית הלילות – מצפה הוא לשבתות להתלבש בנשמה יתירה לזכות עמה להבין ולהשכיל בתורה מה שלא יכול להבין בלילות בימי החול! תכלית שבתות ראש חודש. כלומר, אחר השבתות חושב בראש חודש לקדש הלבנה ולזכות להקביל פני השכינה. תכלית ראש חודש מועדים – להכיר בהם הנסים שעשה הקב”ה עם ישראל אשר בהם פרסם אלוקותו בעולם ועל ידי כך מקדש נפשו ומדבק עצמו בהקדוש ברוך הוא יותר ויותר. תכלית מועדים מצפה לראש השנה, שהוא יום הדין, לקנות מורא כדי שלא ייכשל לעבור פי ה’ בכל אשר ציווהו. ותכלית ראש השנה כדי לבוא ליום הכיפורים שיכפר עליו להיות מנוקה מכל חטא. תכלית יום הכיפורים תשובה – מכיוון שמצפה ליום הכיפורים כדי שיכפר עליו, זה מביאו לתכלית התשובה, שיימצא תמיד שלם לפני בוראו. ותכלית תשובה עולם הבא – כוונתו בתשובתו לזכות לעולם הבא!”

ב.

באחרונה נזדמן לפני בכתבי אחד הראשונים שקדם לרבי יצחק אבוהב במאתיים שנה בערך מאמר הדומה עד מאוד לאימרה שהבאנו למעלה. וז”ל רבינו מנחם המאירי ב”חיבור התשובה” מאמר ב’, פרק ט’: “אמר החכם פרי הימים לילות, פרי השבוע שבת, פרי השבת מועד, פרי המועד ראש השנה, פרי ראש השנה יום הכיפורים, והוא תכלית הכול”.

המאירי מביא שני פירושים למאמר זה, והננו לצטט אחד מהם:

פרי הימים לילות – בהיותו נמשך ביום אחד טרדות הזמן לתור אחרי טרפו, להעמיד גופו עד שיוכל להתעסק בלילה בתורה ובחכמות, נמצא הלילה המבוקש מכל מלאכת היום, כמו שהפרי הוא התכלית המבוקש מן העץ.

פרי השבוע שבת, שהוא מיוחד להתבודדות קצת יומו ולילות. נמצא המבוקש מכל שטרח בכל השבוע שבת.

פרי השבת מועד, שהמועדים מיוחדים יותר להתבודדות, כי המועדים כל עצמם אין בהם רק שיאכל וישתה וראה לבו חכמה ודעת.

פרי המועד ראש השנה. על המועדים נאמר חציו לד’ וחציו לכם, אבל ראש השנה זמן תשובה, יצטרך האדם לנטות בו אל הקצה, עד שרבים התירו להתענות בו.

פרי ראש השנה יום הכיפורים. אין בו שום חלק לגוף, הכול להורות שכל מה שטרח בכל השנה הוא לזה התכלית, ר”ל להיות כולו לד’, ודבר אין לו עם החומר.

המאירי מביא גם נוסח אחר של אותו מאמר. לפי דבריו הוא נמצא בקצת נוסחאות של “הכוזרי” לרבי יהודה הלוי, וז”ל: “פרי היום הלילה, ופרי השבוע שבת, ופרי השבת חודש, ופרי חדשים מועדים, ופרי המועדות שנה, ופרי השנה יום הכיפורים”.

הכוונה כנראה למאמר ג’, אות ה’ ב”הכוזרי”. מהדירי “חיבור התשובה” של המאירי מעירים כי נוסח זה של המאמר לא נמצא ב”הכוזרי”. זה נכון. אך המעיין ב”הכוזרי” יווכח כי דבריו בנויים על אותו מאמר, אם כי לא כל חוליות המאמר נזכרות שם במפורש.

נעיר, דרך אגב, כי החוליה הראשונה של האימרה “תכלית הימים הלילות וכו’” – שהוא אימרה לא כל כך ידועה – מובאת על ידי ש”י עגנון ב”הכנסת כלה”:

“הירהר רבי יודל בלבו, עזבתי את ביתי ונסתרסתי מן התורה ואיני מתפלל כל יום בצבור… אוי לי ואבוי לי, מה אעשה כי יקום א-ל וכי יפקוד מה אשיבנו. מה ה’ אלקיך שואל מעמך כי אם ליראה אותו, ואתה רץ אחרי צרכיך המדומים ושוכח את תכלית הימים. שהרי מה תכלית הימים הלילות, ללמוד בהם תורה, כמו שאמרו אין רנה של תורה אלא בלילה…” (ספר א’, פרק י”ד).

*השווה עוד “מטה משה” לרבי משה מת, תלמיד מהרש”ל, סימן ת”ג, בהתחלת דיני שבת: “וכמו שתכלית ימי השבוע הוא יום השביעי והוא השבת, כן תכלית ימי העולם שהם ששת אלפים הוא אלף השביעי, והוא העולם הבא, יום שכולו שבת”. ועיין דברי המחבר שם. ועיין גם בדרשת מהר”ם שיף לרגל סיום מסכת בבא קמא והתחלת מסכת כתובות (נדפסה ב”חידושי הלכות” שלו וגם בש”ס וילנא, מסכת בבא קמא).

הצופה

י”ד תשרי תשנ”ד

מאתר טוביה פרשל, כאן.

Rabbi Toviah Singer: The Current ‘Septuagint’ Is a Fake!

Part 1 Rabbi Tovia Singer – Let’s Get Biblical – Jesus was a Jew, but can a Jew be for Jesus?

Published on Aug 29, 2018

Lets Get Biblical with Rabbi Tovia Singer, the Director of the counter-missionary organization, Outreach Judaism spoke in Jerusalem for Yiboneh. Part 1 (Question and answer section will be posted as part 2)

Rabbi Tovia Singer is well known as the Founder and Director of Outreach Judaism, an international organization dedicated to countering the efforts of fundamentalist Christian groups and cults who specifically target Jews for conversion.

Rabbi Tovia Singer is a well known speaker. He lectures around the globe- in North America, South America, Europe and Israel. He has vast knowledge of topics such as antisemitism, holocaust revisionism, Jewish and Christian History, and Christian Missionaries.

For more information about the Yiboneh Executive Learning Program www.yiboneh.com

Rabbi Singer’s Web page https://outreachjudaism.org/

Yiboneh Archives of other great speakers:
http://www.yiboneh.com/archivespast-e…

Continue reading…

From YouTube, here.

The US Is a Kleptocracy

Plutocracy Now!

Plutocracy literally means rule by the rich. “Rule” can have various shades of meaning: those who exercise the authority of public office are wealthy; their wealth explains why they hold that office; they exercise that authority in the interests of the rich; they have the primary influence over who holds those offices and the actions they take.

These aspects of “plutocracy” are not exclusive. Moreover, government of the rich and for the rich need not be run directly by the rich. Also, in some exceptional circumstances rich individuals who hold powerful positions may govern in the interests of the many, for example Franklin Roosevelt.

The United States today qualifies as a plutocracy – on a number of grounds. Let’s look at some striking bits of evidence. Gross income redistribution upwards in the hierarchy has been a feature of American society for the past decades. The familiar statistics tell us that nearly 80 percent of the national wealth generated since 1973 has gone to the upper 2 percent and 65 percent to the upper 1 per cent. Estimates for the rise in real income for salaried workers over the past 40 years range from 20 percent to 28 percent. In that period, real GDP has risen by 110 percent – it has more than doubled.

To put it somewhat differently, according to the Congressional Budget Office, the top earning 1 percent of households gained about 8 times more than those in the 60 percentile after federal taxes and income transfers between 1979 and 2007 and 10 times those in lower percentiles.

In short, the overwhelming fraction of all the wealth created over two generations has gone to those at the very top of the income pyramid.

That pattern has been markedly accelerated since the financial crisis hit in 2008. Between 2000 and 2012, the real net worth of 90 percent of Americans has declined by 25 percent. Meanwhile, Warren Buffet, Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates et al, i.e. the wealthiest 1 percent of the world’s population, now own more than half of the world’s wealth (according to a Credit Suisse report in Nov. 2017). Croesus is green with envy.

Not By Accident

Theoretically, there is the possibility that this change is due to structural economic features operating nationally and internationally. That argument won’t wash, though, for three reasons.

First, there is every reason to think that such a process has accelerated over the past nine years during which disparities have widened at a faster rate. Second, other countries (many even more enmeshed in the world economy) have seen nothing like the drastic phenomenon occurring in the United States. Third, the readiness of the country’s political class to ignore what has been happening, and the absence of remedial action that could have been taken, in themselves are clear indicators of who shapes thinking and determines public policy.

In addition, several significant governmental actions have been taken that directly favor the moneyed interests. This includes the dismantling of the apparatus to regulate financial activities specifically and big business generally.

Runaway exploitation of the system by predatory banks was made possible by the Clinton “reforms” of the 1990s and the lax application of those rules that still prevailed. Former Attorney General Eric Holder, let’s recall, went so far as to admit that the Department of Justice’s decisions on when to bring criminal charges against the biggest financial institutions will depend not on the question of legal violations alone but would include the hypothetical effects on economic stability of their prosecution. (Those adverse effects are greatly exaggerated).

Earlier, Holder had extended blanket immunity to Bank of America and other mortgage lenders for their apparent criminality in forging through robo-signing of foreclosure documents on millions of home owners. In brief, equal protection and application of the law has been suspended. That is plutocracy.

Moreover, the extremes of a regulatory culture that, in effect, turns public officials into tame accessories to financial abuse emerged in stark relief at the 2013 Levin Committee hearings on J P Morgan Chase’s ‘London Whale” scandal. Morgan officials stated baldly that they chose not to inform the Controller of the Currency about discrepancies in trading accounts, without the slightest regard that they might be breaking the law, in the conviction that it was Morgan’s privilege not to do so.

Senior regulators explained that they did not see it as their job to monitor compliance or to check whether claims made by their Morgan counterparts were correct. They also accepted abusive treatment, e.g. being called “stupid” to their face by senior Morgan executives. That’s plutocracy at work. The Senate Finance Committee hearing drew only 3 senators – yet another sign of plutocracy at work. When mega-banks make illicit profits by money laundering for drug cartels and get off with a slap on the wrist, as has HSBC and others, that too is plutocracy. FDR, it rightly is said, saved American capitalism. Barack OBAMA saved predatory financial capitalism.

When the system of law that is meant to order the workings of society without reference to ascriptive persons is made malleable in the hands of officials to serve the preferred interests of some, it ceases to be a neutral instrument for the common good. In today’s society, it is becoming the instrument of a plutocracy.

The financial behemoths and big business in general can count on sympathetic justices to bail them out when cornered by prosecutors. The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Preet Bharara, was making an earnest attempt to call to account several predators when the New York Supreme Court pulled the rug out from under him. Their generous interpretation of the dubious Supreme Court decision on wrongful trading cases upheld the overturning of the conviction of Michael S. Steinberg, the highest-ranking officer of notorious hedge fund SAC Capital AdvisorsBharara was obliged to drop seven outstanding cases against the Wall Street biggies.

Continue reading…

From Lewrockwell.com, here.

Rabbi Kook Against Excusing Sin Based on ‘Deep’ Ideas

Judean_desert

Perhaps the most unusual of all the Temple services was the Yom Kippur ceremony of Azazel, sending off a goat into the wilderness, symbolically carrying away the sins of Israel. No other Temple offering was treated in such a fashion. Even more surprising, immediately after describing the Yom Kippur service, the Torah warns, “And they will stop sacrificing to the demons who tempt them” (Lev. 17:7). The text implies that the goat sent to Azazel is the sole exception to this rule, in apparent contradiction to the fundamental principles of the Temple service. Was this unusual ritual a “sacrifice to the demons”?

The Highest Form of Forgiveness

In order to understand the meaning of the Azazel service, we must appreciate the nature of the forgiveness and atonement of Yom Kippur.

The highest level of forgiveness emanates from the very source of divine chesed. It comes from an infinite greatness that embraces both the most comprehensive vision and the most detailed scrutiny. This level knows the holy and the good with all of their benefits, as well as the profane and the evil with all of their harm. It recognizes that all is measured on the exacting scale of divine justice, and that the tendencies towards evil and destruction also serve a purpose in the universe. Such an elevated level of forgiveness understands how, in the overall picture, everything fits together.

This recognition creates a complicated dialectic. There is a clear distinction between good and evil, truth and falsehood, nobility and debasement. Absolute truth demands that we confront the paths of idolatry and evil, in deed and thought; it opposes all repulsiveness, impurity and sin. Still, in its greatness, it finds a place for all. Only an elevated understanding can absorb this concept: how to combine together all aspects of the universe, how to arrange each force, how to extend a measured hand to all opposites, while properly demarcating their boundaries.

The forgiveness of Yom Kippur aspires to this lofty outlook, as expressed in the Azazel offering. Azazel is the worship of demons — the demonic wildness and unrestrained barbarity to be found in human nature. For this reason, the offering was sent to a desolate cliff in the untamed wilderness. The elevated service of Yom Kippur is able to attain a level that confers a limited recognition even to the demonic evil of Azazel. At this level, all flaws are transformed and rectified.

Sent Away to the Wilderness

The abstract knowledge that evil also has a purpose in the world must be acknowledged in some fashion in our service of God. This acknowledgment occurs in the elevated service of Yom Kippur. In practical ethics, however, there is no place for this knowledge. Heaven forbid that evil should be considered good, or that the wicked should be considered righteous. Therefore, the goat for Azazel was sent to a desolate, barren place — a place uninhabited by people. Human society must be based on a just way of life, led by aspirations of holiness and purity.

(Gold from the Land of Israel, pp. 200-201. Adapted from Olat Re’iyah vol. II p. 357; Shemonah Kevatzim IV:91, V:193)

From RavKookTorah.org, here.

The 2008 Financial Crisis Was Caused by Deregulation?!

Economic Crazies

Some of the best issues of my email newsletter (which you can subscribe to while also getting my free eBook Your Facebook Friends Are Wrong About Health Care at the same time) are my responses to crazy people.

Today’s peek into the ol’ mailbag yields some correspondence from a fellow who isn’t crazy, but who thought “the financial crisis was caused by deregulation” might be an argument I hadn’t heard before.

He sent me a number of such emails, so I’ll have plenty of fodder for my list in the coming days.

Let’s start with the first one. He asks:

Why are Libertarians and conservatives sympathetic to the economics of Hitler and Generalissmo Francesco Franco? Corporate power has never been stronger, and the right to work laws hinder workers abilities to organize. Me personally, you are not a Libertarian, I think your view of economics is quite clear. Traditional Libertarians were anarcho communists and socialists and believed strongly in labor unions, education, and healthcare. I would consider it a honor if you respond to me.

After the Financial Crisis of 2008, I don’t think you can use Thomas Sowell, Walter E Williams, Hayek, as reliable sources anymore. We deregulated the economy, industries were gutted, CEO pay is out of control, our democracy is destroyed of which unions are essential to democracy, so if you plan on using the frauds and phonies like Hayek as sources you would be making a big mistake.

PS. I’m sorry for speaking so aggressively to you, I really am, but I learned by researching the prelude of the Spanish Civil War, strength is the only thing your people understand. Surprisingly, the communists were the first people to argue that negotiations were hopeless against people like you and force was the only way.

Please tell me why your sympathetic to fascist economics? Supply side economics have not worked since the turn of the 20th century.

I take that back: the guy probably is crazy.

“Negotiations were hopeless against people like you and force was the only way.”

Yes, he thinks the Spanish Civil War was fought between leftists and libertarians, and that the only way to deal with people who believe in peace and nonaggression is “force.”

So: why are libertarians sympathetic to fascist economics?

This is like asking why the Atkins diet is so heavy on carbs.

He asks me this, I might add, after I posted a lecture just weeks ago in which I walked my audience step by step through the anti-capitalist economics of Hitler.

Fascist economics involves the creation of state-supervised cartels as a way of countering the so-called dog-eat-dog competition of the free marke, and imposing some kind of state control over what would otherwise be an anarchy of production.

So no, we don’t favor that.

Hitler — that big supporter of capitalism — wrote of Stalin: “One had to have a unqualified respect for Stalin. In his way, the guy was quite a genius! His…economic planning was so all-encompassing that it was only exceeded by our own Four Year Plan.”

Yeah, that sounds like something a libertarian might say.

Our friend then lists Thomas Sowell, Walter Williams, and F.A. Hayek as discredited economists. It’s as if he’s just chosen three economists at random here. Much as I love Sowell and Williams, they are not Austrian School economists, so they’re not my go-to people on the financial crisis (even though I’m sure they have plenty of sensible things to say, and Sowell cites my 2009 New York Times bestseller in his own book on the housing boom and bust).

Regarding Hayek, there is zero chance our friend has read or any of Hayek’s economic works. (In fairness, even most libertarians don’t read Hayek’s purely economic works.) I would say there is a three percent chance he has read any of Hayek’s works on any subject. I have no idea what he thinks Hayek’s views of the causes of the financial crisis would be, or on what basis he would reach such a conclusion about Hayek.

As for “deregulating the economy,” subsequent emails make clear that our friend believes deregulation caused the financial crisis.

What deregulation would that be, exactly? Letting banks set interest rates on savings accounts? Permitting interstate branch banking? You’d think things like that would, if anything, promote stability.

The “partial repeal of Glass-Steagall,” which folks like this guy point to when painted into a corner, simply meant that the same holding company could now control both a commercial bank and an investment bank. But every other country in the world had already been operating that way, without incident.

But in any case, did the crisis of 2008 actually involve institutions like that? Nope.

Even the Washington Post had to concede the irrelevance of Glass-Steagall to the crisis. Generally, the problems came from standalone investment banks and standalone commercial banks, and even the odd exceptions of J.P. Morgan and Wells Fargo resisted the infusion of government capital and could well have emerged on the other side without it.

Here’s a good question: which repealed regulation would have prevented the crisis?

::crickets::

Not to mention: it is naive and uncomprehending to expect that there might be some way, once the Federal Reserve has generated an artificial boom, to “regulate” our way out of it.

The fact is, banks had always been allowed to extend no-doc mortgages, or securitize loans, or whatever else they did during the crisis. What happened was that the banks did a poor job of performing a traditional banking activity: extending mortgage loans.

Why should they suddenly have done such a poor job? Why, greed, of course, say the anti-capitalists.

If “greed” is the answer, why did the crisis occur when it did? Were people uniquely greedy only in certain years?

In Meltdown I lay out the full explanation, which has plenty to do with the Fed as well as government policy. Private actors were bit players in a much larger drama.

There’s so much more to reply to in the guy’s email, though. By the end he’s switched to talking about “supply-side economics,” as if this is interchangeable with Austrian economics. Like the supply siders I certainly do favor lowering top marginal tax rates, as do all civilized people, but unlike them, I am not at pains to demonstrate how much of the lost revenue will be made up by increased economic activity.

Note, too, what is missing in his email: the Federal Reserve. This is always missing. Without the Fed in the picture, we can pretend “capitalism” just spontaneously produces housing bubbles, and that in the 21st century we Austrians have everything we want! A purely deregulated, laissez-faire economy!

Imagine being a person who looks at the American economy and thinks it’s been “deregulated.”

Here is a chart of the number of pages in the Code of Federal Regulations over the past four decades:

This is what he calls “deregulated.”

Meanwhile, in terms of financial regulation – and if there’s a more regulated sector in the entire economy than the banking sector, I’d like to know what it is – since 1980 the budget for the relevant regulatory agencies has increased by a factor of three, even accounting for inflation.

At the time of the crisis, there were no fewer than 115 state and federal agencies tasked with regulating the financial sector. He expects us to believe that if only we’d had 116, everything would have been all right.

This superstitious reverence toward regulators is really beneath a free people, especially given how clueless those regulators were in the years leading up to the crisis. The Fed itself is supposed to be the overall regulator of the banking system, and I can share dozens of idiotic things Fed officials said about the economy and the housing market in those years.

As Robert Higgs says of regulators, without our friend’s naivete, “Had they been given even greater powers, budgets, and staffs, what enchantment would have transformed these ostensible guardians into smart, dogged champions of the public interest, rather than the time-serving drones and co-conspirators with the regulated firms that they have always been?”

More to say in the coming days as I hit more of this fellow’s emails, but in the meantime, I refer you to the libertarian’s daily antidote to bad thinking: http://www.TomsPodcast.com